詳解船舶火警探測和報警系統

FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEMS

當今防火目標的重點(diǎn)是在火勢肆虐前早期察覺(jué), 合理施救. 早期察覺(jué)有助于在 火勢發(fā)展到嚴重危及生命和財產(chǎn)安全前控制住火情.
The key to achieving today’s fire protection goal is early detection and possible extinction of a fire before it becomes too deep seated. Early detection helps to control the fire before it becomes a serious threat to life and property.

火警探測和報警系統應在任何時(shí)候都處于可用狀態(tài), 電源常開(kāi),持續監控電路 異常和故障. 在控制和指示面板內將每個(gè)探測器和和手動(dòng)報警點(diǎn)匯聚成群,可 在其內啟動(dòng)任一報警單元并產(chǎn)生聲光報警信號.
The system is to be operable at times, with the power supplies and electric circuits continuously monitored for failure or fault. Detectors and manually operated call-points are grouped in sections and activation of any unit initiates an audible and visual alarm at the control panel and indicating units.

火警探測面板 Fire Detection Panel 
本船的火警探測面板裝置安裝在駕駛臺,復示面板安裝在消防控制站
The fire alarm detection panel on this ship is installed on the Bridge with repeater panels located at the Fire Control Station.

本系統包括一中心監控面板, 復示面板, 熱力,煙霧, 火焰三合一探測感應器組 合, 手動(dòng)報警點(diǎn)及報警器.
The system consists of a central control and monitoring panel, with repeater panels, a combination of heat, smoke and flame detectors, manual alarm activation points and alarm sounders.

船員可依此可迅速發(fā)現起火位置. 在火警探測面板上,裱有位置顯示表,每一報 警位置裝設有發(fā)光指示燈. 憑借此裝置船員可迅速采取滅火步驟,避免無(wú)謂耽 擱.
Here the crew can quickly find out where a fire has started. A table is connected  to  the fire  alarm  panel showing,  with  light  indication,  which sections are in alarm. Through this arrangement the crew can take steps to extinguish the fire with no unnecessary loss of time.

下敘為 火警探測和報警系 統覆蓋的區域表 :
Following is a list of Zones covered by the Fire Detection System:

區域 1: 住艙主甲板.
Zone 1: Accommodation Main Deck.

區域 2: 住艙艇甲板.
Zone 2: Accommodation Boat Deck.

等等 etc

感應探頭  Detection Sensors
根據使用區域和用法有各種不同的感應探頭. 根據作業(yè)區域的不同, 火警探測 器的使用原則根據以下四種主要的火災特性的其中一個(gè)而定:
There are various types of sensing detectors, depending on the area and type of usage. Depending on the area of operation, the principle used in fire detectors depends on one of the four main characteristics of fire namely:

煙霧 (氣溶膠): 燃燒總會(huì )產(chǎn)生氣溶膠 (小微粒). 這種探頭內裝有一電離 室探測此類(lèi)懸浮質(zhì)小微粒., 即使對完全燃燒產(chǎn)生的不可見(jiàn)懸浮質(zhì), 當該 懸浮質(zhì)分布密度足夠時(shí)也能引起感應.
Smoke (Aerosols): A fire always produces Aerosols (tiny particles). In this type of detector, an ionization chamber is employed which detects such particles. It responds even to the invisible particles produced in a clear burning fire provided that the density of such particles is high enough.

煙霧 (可見(jiàn)): 可見(jiàn)的煙霧代表著(zhù)火災. 一些探頭的工作原理是探測煙霧 粒子中零星的發(fā)光體探測火情.使用光敏裝置能較早地探測到火災情報.
Smoke (visible): Visible smoke is an indication of fire. Some of the detectors use the principle of light scatter on smoke particles to detect fire. Using a photo sensitive device to detect smoke it is possible to give an early warning.

熱力: 因火災產(chǎn)生的熱力導致溫度的升高現象可用來(lái)探測火情. 一些舊 式探頭用蠟隔離觸點(diǎn), 溫度升高引起蠟溶化, 觸點(diǎn)相接而后產(chǎn)生報警. 此 類(lèi) 探頭的缺陷是一旦探頭觸發(fā)后就只能更換探頭. 另一類(lèi)使用雙金屬接 觸產(chǎn)生電路的開(kāi)閉. 使用時(shí)一外露一遮蔽,兩者產(chǎn)生溫差從而產(chǎn)生報警信 號. 另也有氣動(dòng)式裝置可以使用.
Heat: Rise in temperature due to heat produced in a fire can be used to detect fire. Some old type of sensors used wax to separate the contacts. The wax melts due to the temperature rise, and the contact is made giving an alarm. The disadvantage of this type of sensor is that once the sensor is activated, this had to be replaced. Another type uses a bi- metal contact assembled to make or break an electrical circuit. By using such devices, one shielded and one exposed, a rate of rise effect is created which in turn activates the alarm. Pneumatic devices can also be used.

輻射: 此類(lèi)探頭的原理是探測火源發(fā)出的紅外線(xiàn),/紫外線(xiàn). 這類(lèi)探頭可用 于火災初始就產(chǎn)生明焰的場(chǎng)所.
Radiation: The principle used in these types of detectors is detecting the infra-red / ultra-violet radiation emitted by the fire source. These detectors can be used in places where certain fires produces flames right from the start.

以上描述了船上使用的不同探測系統的工作原理.
The above points describes the different principles used in fire detection system used on board ship.

船上存在極高的火災風(fēng)險,以及某些位置由于長(cháng)期無(wú)人光顧因此需要裝備探測 系統就顯得尤為重要.通過(guò)選取合適的感應器或空氣取樣裝置進(jìn)行慎密布局則 可以實(shí)現這個(gè)目標.
On ships the risk of fire itself is very high and there are long periods of time when no one attends certain spaces. It is imperative to have a detection system. This is achieved by means of judicious placement of appropriate sensors or air sampling units.

煙霧探測器  SMOKE DETECTORS

電離式感煙探測器
Ionization smoke detectors: 
工作原理:
Principles of Operation:

•   此為點(diǎn)陣型火災探測器.在感應室內帶有少量放射性物質(zhì)的點(diǎn)狀探測器.
These are spot type of detectors having a small amount of radioactive material inside the sensing chamber.

•   此放射元素在感應室內將空氣電離, 從而使兩充電電極間空氣產(chǎn)生導電 性, 存在一電流.
This radioactive element ionizes the air in the sensing chamber, thus rendering it conductive and permitting a current flow through the air between the charged electrodes.

•   當煙霧粒子電離空間時(shí), 因空氣混入雜質(zhì), 導致導電性降低.
When smoke particles enter the ionization area, they decrease the conductance of the air by attaining themselves to the ions, causing a reduction in mobility.

•   當導電性降低至一設定值時(shí),  探測器工作報警.
When the conductance is less than a predetermined level, the detector responds indicating that there is a fire in a particular compartment.

光電式 煙霧 探測 器 , 遮光 原理
Photoelectric smoke detectors, Obscuring light principle:
工作原理:
Principles of Operation:

此探測器原理為一光源, 一光柱校準系統和一光敏原件組成.
The detector using this principle consists of a light source, a light beam collimating system and a photosensitive device.

當煙霧粒子進(jìn)入光柱后, 降低了抵達光敏原件的光線(xiàn)強度, 從而產(chǎn)生 報警.
When smoke particles enter the light beam the light reaching the photosensitive device is reduced initiating the alarm.

此類(lèi)探測裝置為光柱型, 用于較大范圍的開(kāi)放區域.
These type of detectors are beam type detectors which are used to protect large open areas.

此類(lèi)探測裝置一頭裝光源, 另一頭裝接收器. 當煙霧粒子破壞光柱后 產(chǎn)生報警.
These detectors are installed with light source at one end and receiver at the other. When this beam of light is broken by smoke particles an alarm is raised.

光電式 煙霧 探測 器 , 散光 原理
Photoelectric smoke detectors, Light scattering principle: 
工作原理:
Principles of Operation:

此類(lèi)探測器一般為點(diǎn)狀探測器. 使用光線(xiàn)散射原理.
This type of detector is usually a spot type detector. The detector makes use of the principle of light scattering.

此類(lèi)探測器包括一光源,一光敏原件. 設計在正常狀態(tài)下燈柱不會(huì )射 向光敏原件.
The detector contains a light source and a photosensitive device so arranged that the light rays do not normally fall on the photosensitive device.

當煙霧粒子進(jìn)入光柱后, 煙霧粒子將光柱散射到光敏原件, 從而產(chǎn)生 報警.
When smoke particles enter the light path, light strikes the particles and is scattered onto the photosensitive device, causing the detector to respond.

熱力型探測器
HEAT DETECTORS
  
固 定 式 溫 度 探 測器 , 雙金屬型
Fixed temperature detectors, Bimetal type: 

工作原理:
Principles of Operation:

此類(lèi)探測器使用兩種不同膨脹系數的金屬工作.
This type of detector uses two metals with different coefficient of expansion.

當這兩種不同膨脹系數的金屬固定在一起并加熱時(shí), 高膨脹率的金屬彎 向低膨脹率的金屬一側.
When both these metals are bonded together and heated, the metal with the higher expansion rate bends or flexes towards the metal having the lower expansion rate.

當這兩種不同膨脹系數的金屬固定在一起并加熱時(shí), 高膨脹率的金屬彎 向低膨脹率的金屬一側.
This action closes the normally open circuit giving out an alarm.

固定式 溫度 探測 器 , 可溶 性連 接型
Fixed temperature detectors, Fusible Link Type 

工作原理:
Principles of Operation:

此類(lèi)探測器根據一些金屬合金在相對較低的溫度時(shí)溶化的原理工作. 一 般的溶化溫度為 55oC 至 180oC.
This type of detector uses the fact that certain metal-alloys melt at relatively low temperature. The general range available is from 55oC to 180oC.

此類(lèi)探測器由一個(gè)固定接觸片和一對由可溶性連接金屬合金抵住的接 觸彈簧組成. 正常時(shí)電路開(kāi)啟, 不發(fā)出報警.
In this type the detector consists of a fixed contact blade and a pair of spring contact held under tension by a fusible alloy link. In this condition the electrical circuit is open and the alarm will not sound.

當周邊空氣溫度升至可溶性連接金屬合金的溶化點(diǎn)時(shí), 接觸彈簧分開(kāi), 并與固定接觸片接觸, 電路閉合, 發(fā)出報警. 此類(lèi)探測器的報警工作范圍 為 57oC 至 102oC.
When the temperature of the surrounding air reaches the melting point of the fusible link, the spring contacts separate and makes contact with the fixed contact blade, completing the electrical circuit and alarm is sounded. The range of operating temperature for this detector is 57oC to 102oC.

可溶性連接型探測器是不可以自我恢復的. 即是可溶性連接型探測器使 用完后可溶性連接金屬合金需更換. 盡管大多數時(shí)期這僅是個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的操 作. 切記在探測器使用完后更換可溶性連接金屬合金前, 該探測器是無(wú) 效的.
Fusible detectors are not self-righting i.e. once the detector has been operated the link or fusible alloy needs replacing although in most cases this is a reasonably straight forward operation. Remember that the detector is ineffective until replacement takes place after operation.

溫度上 升率 型探 測器 (使 用雙 金屬 型)
Rate of rise type (using bi-metal type) 
工作原理:
Principles of Operation:

此類(lèi)探測器使用兩種類(lèi)似成份的雙金屬條, 但一根被遮蔽和保護以降低 其膨脹率.
In this type of detector two similar composition bi-metal strips are used but one is shielded and protected to reduce its rate of expansion.

當周邊溫度急劇上升時(shí), 外露的金屬條較遮蔽的金屬條膨脹得更快, 引 起電路閉合, 發(fā)出報警.
If there is a rapid rise in temperature, the strip which is not shielded will expand faster than the strip which is shielded and will make close the electrical circuit thereby triggering the alarm.

在某些場(chǎng)所, 因其特性可能會(huì )發(fā)生非因火情而而致的溫度輕微上升, 這 種情況因其溫度上升較慢, 外露的金屬條較遮蔽的金屬條膨脹率相差無(wú) 幾而保持同等距離, 不會(huì )發(fā)出報警.
In some places, due the nature of that area, there may be slight increase in temperature not necessarily due to fire. In such places, due to slow rate of increase in temperature, both the bimetallic strip will maintain the same distance apart and hence there will not be an alarm. 

上述特性會(huì )產(chǎn)生因緩慢燃燒, 溫度上升較慢而不能報警的缺陷. 故此類(lèi) 探測器應與另一固定溫度探測器結合使用.
The property in the above point may be disadvantageous due to slow burning fires and hence a fixed temperature device is also fitted in this rate of rise type detector.

溫度上 升率 型探 測器 (氣 體膨 脹型 )
Rate of rise (Expansion of Gases) type: 
工作原理:
Principles of Operation:

此類(lèi)探測器又稱(chēng)氣動(dòng)探測器, 因其在氣室使用的氣體一般為空氣.
This type of detector is also known as the pneumatic detector as the gas used inside the chamber is usually air.

此類(lèi)探測器包括一充滿(mǎn)空氣的氣室和一柔性的隔膜. 當氣室內空氣受熱 膨脹時(shí), 柔性的隔膜受壓上鼓, 引起電路閉合, 發(fā)出報警.
The detector consists of a chamber filled with air and a flexible diaphragm. When subject to heat the air in the chamber expands and applies pressure to the flexible diaphragm. This gradually pushes the diaphragm up until it meets the electrical contact, thereby completing the circuit and the alarm is raised.

在氣室的一邊有一細小補償通風(fēng)孔起溫度上升率作用. 此補償通風(fēng)孔允 許部分空氣逸出, 該孔調校到只可補償正常情況下周邊溫度的升高.
A small compensating vent in the side of chamber is provided as a rate- of-rise element. The compensating vent will allow a certain amount of expanding air to escape, it will be carefully calibrated so as to compensate only for expansion caused by the normal and legitimate increases in the ambient temperature.

當周邊溫度快速上升時(shí), 氣室內空氣受熱快速膨脹的幅度大于從補償通 風(fēng)孔逸出空氣的幅度, 柔性的隔膜受壓上鼓, 引起由調整螺絲調節的電 路閉合, 發(fā)出報警.
When there is a rapid rise in temperature the air in the chamber expands much more rapidly than the compensating vent can release it and as a result the expanding air pushes the diaphragm against the electrical contact on the base of the rate of rise adjustment screw. This completes the electrical circuit and the alarm is raised.

上述特性會(huì )產(chǎn)生因緩慢燃燒, 溫度上升較慢而不能報警的缺陷. 故此類(lèi)探測器 應與另一固定溫度探測器結合使用.
As mentioned earlier even in this type of detector, a fixed temperature element is provided – in case of a slow burning fire and the rate of rise element is unable to detect the slow rise in temperature.

火焰探測器
FLAME DETECTORS
工作原理:
Principles of Operation:

除煙霧和熱力探測器用于探測火情外, 某些場(chǎng)所還使用火焰探測器探測火情.
Apart from smoke and heat being used to detect fires, in some places flames can also be used to detect fires.

火焰由三部分組成, 即為可見(jiàn)火焰, 紅外線(xiàn)和紫外線(xiàn). 因紅外線(xiàn)和紫外線(xiàn)有 其特定的頻率 (25 Hz), 探測器的濾波單元僅允許紅外線(xiàn)和紫外線(xiàn)通過(guò)聚集 于光電管.
Flame consists of three parts i.e. visible flame, ultra violet rays and infra red rays. Since Infra red light and ultra violet rays have a particular frequency (25 Hz), the filter unit of the detector will only allow infrared or ultraviolet rays to pass through and focus on the photo electric cell.

光電管產(chǎn)生的信號經(jīng)放大裝置和延時(shí)裝置后輸送到報警單元. 延時(shí)裝置降 低了一些高溫物體和明火如火柴擦火, 鍋爐點(diǎn)火器發(fā)火及噴燈發(fā)火而引起 的誤報警.
This signal from the cell goes to the amplifier unit and time delay unit before passing to the alarm circuit. The time delay unit minimizes the incidence of false alarms due to heating elements and other naked flames like from match sticks flame or lighting to torches for firing boilers, or flames from blow lamp.

優(yōu)點(diǎn): Advantages:
-不須達到如熱力, 煙霧探測器發(fā)生報警所需的燃燒產(chǎn)生物.
The combustion products need not reach the detector like heat and smoke detector for the alarm to be activated.

-此類(lèi)探測器尤其適合開(kāi)闊場(chǎng)所.
This detector is very useful in open space.

-能迅速探測到火警. Very quick in detection.

缺點(diǎn):
Disadvantages:

-因煙霧會(huì )遮蔽火焰, 故煙霧的存在會(huì )降低此類(lèi)探測器的工作效率.
The presence of smoke can reduce the effectiveness of the detector as smoke gives mask over the flame.

-此類(lèi)探測器在報警前必須探測到可見(jiàn)火焰, 不能對熱力, 煙霧產(chǎn)生報 警.
The detector must see the flame or fire before it will raise an alarm. It will not be able to sound an alarm by sensing heat or smoke.

船舶探測 器的位置（統計）
Location of Detectors on board.


All fire sensors to be marked on floor plates / deck immediately below with number, which is reflected in the PMS.
根據 “保養計劃系統”的要求, 所有火警探頭都應在其底部的地板, 甲板上清晰 標示.

手動(dòng)火警報警點(diǎn) 
Manual Activation Points

除火警探測器外, 火警還可在船舶不同位置的手動(dòng)火警報警點(diǎn)處觸發(fā)報警. 報 警方式為打破保護玻璃罩, 按下報警按鈕.
In addition to detectors, fire alarm can be activated from various Manual Activation Points situated in various parts of the ship. These can be activated by breaking the protective glass and pressing the alarm button.

手動(dòng)火警報警按鈕會(huì )產(chǎn)生一連續或周期性中斷的火警鐘聲, 此報警還應與氣 笛的通用報警結合.
Manual activating buttons may give a continuous or interrupted continuous ringing on the alarm bell. Such an alarm signal must be accompanied by the general emergency alarm signal sounded on the whistle.

船舶手動(dòng)火警報警點(diǎn)的位置 （統計） 
Location of Manual Activation Points on board.


來(lái)源：王老軌